PERIPHERALS
OPTICAL MEDIA DRIVES: dvds, cds, blu-rays,
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cdROM had stored info in "ISO9960"
or "CDFS (cd file system)" to install files and drivers
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CD-R for burning but not erasing.
CD-RW to load on/off +erase.
CDs Could only hold 650mb-700mb **74 mins**
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DVD & DVD-ROM
most common optical media for motherboard installer
DVD DL = dual layered
lasers writing both sides DS dual sided
DVD5 4.37GB
DVD9 7.95GB
DVD10 8.74GB
DVD18 15.90GB
DVD+R, DVD-R, DVD-RAM, DVD+RW, DVD-RW
BLURAY, BD-R,
BD-RE (similar to DVD-RW)
BD-ROM, BD-DS + SINGLE LAYER
BLURAY STANDARD 25GB, DS 50GB
BLURAY MINI 7.8GB SINGLE LAYER
BLURAY MINI DS 15.6GB
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Modern OPTICAL READERS read every format
DVD stuck in drive tray? Shove wire in tiny hole on front.
(Similar to router reboot button)
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**If driver SATA cable is hooked up correctly on motherboard,
It will show up on SYSTEM SETUP & OS DEVICE MANAGER**
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USB = Universal Serial Bus
Old USBs run at 1.5MBPS to 12MBPS
(Had white at bottom of mouth)
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USB 2.0 run at 480mbps (black on bottom)
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USB 3.0 run at 5gbps
(had compatibility issues w/hardware. blue on bottom)
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USB 3.1 fixed issue. Speeds 5GBs or 10GBs
**RED or orange USB tend to be used as power connectors**
USB 1.0 ----- 1.5 mbps
USB 1.1 ----- 12 mbps
USB 2.0 ----- 480 mbps
USB 3.0 ----- 5 gbps was a total DUD
USB 3.1.1 ----- 5 gbps
USB 3.1.2 ------ 10 gbps
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DIFFERENT TYPES OF USB CONNECTOR PORTS
USB type A (original)
USB type-B looks sort of like MAC firewire
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USB miniB looks like fat ANDROID connector
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microB USB for androids
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USB3 micro-b *faster* on my home HDs
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USB3.1 looks like flatter version of my home MacBook's ports
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USB type-c (for my MacBook)
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THUNDERBOLT 1 - 10 gbps looks like tiny squished "firewire"
THUNDERBOLT 2 - 20gbps looks like tiny squished "firewire"
THUNDERBOLT 3 - 40gbps compatible with USBc
LIGHTNING is exclusive to MAC. iPhones or iPads!
LIGHTNING runs a slow 5gb
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"USB controller" built into motherboards
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UPSTREAM / DOWNSTREAM
A connectors go "downstream" (commands going out from PC)
B connectors go "upstream" - tend to be soldered on
(ex. onto a mouse)
**But sometimes you need a B connector wire**
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1ST GEN USB-B
(connector looked like firewire/thunderbolt)
A translator "controller" for USB 1 - 3.1.2. is on each motherboard
+ goes through a big ROOT HUB block that's connected to the ports
(Most likely blue "3.0 mouths" on the outside)
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**SOMETIMES TRANSLATOR "CONTROLLERS" HAVE THEIR OWN INDIVIDUAL HUBS**
You can daisy chain loads of devices from a USB3 hub
(But you might run out of power)
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Good workaround for this is to buy a "powered HUB"
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**FYI "DEVICE MANAGER" WILL SHOW
EVERY USB DEVICE THE MOTHERBOARD CAN SEE**
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On PC & Linux sometimes you have to download/install
device driver software for new devices to work via USB 
Post Windows 10 this was less of an issue
**WAS NEVER A PROBLEM ON MACINTOSH**
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What to do when there's a device that windows does not know about?
windows "Device manager" shows its name
but has a yellow error icon over it
H.I.D. human interface driver 
KVM switch (keyboard video mouse) one set of input
FORTUNATELY MOST DEVICES HAVE A DRIVER SIGNED BY MICROSOFT
so PC security can trust it
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But sometimes a device has ghetto indie manufacturer
and does not have driver signed by WINDOWS/MICROSOFT.
Just FORCE INSTALL if this happens. Roll the dice.
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= like base essential functions of KEYBOARDS & MICE
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USB security sucks. vulnerable to hackers.
DISABLE USB ports selectively OR turn them all off
(Like @ FTW POLICE) Close the system!
**Or install USB lock software**
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Wireless USB dongle (for mice & keyboards)
eats up batteries
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PS2 connectors pre-date USB
cool custom motherboards will have spot for PS2 KEYBOARDS & MICE
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In Old Windows 95/98, Vista, XP, & Early 10
you had to tinker with MICE & KEYBOARDS via "Control Panel".
In newer Windows10 you tinker via "Settings"
(They don't mention settings on COMPTIA A+ EXAM)
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share between multiple COMPUTERS *Like a SPLITTER!
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MONITORS, SPEAKERS, WEBCAMS, & MICs
2.1 is stereo speakers w/subwoofer
BLUE - AUX
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7.1 sound connector port/holes
GREEN - FRONT SPEAKERS
PINK RED - MIC
ORANGE YELLOW - SUBWOOFER/CENTER CHANNEL
BLACK - REAR SPEAKERS
GREY SILVER - SIDE SPEAKERS
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"S/PDIF" port
(Sony philips digital interface) looks like phone jack w/red light inside
Built for output to RECEIVERS for DJs
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Right click (bottom right) little speaker
-configure SPEAKER/SOUND settings
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WEBCAMS
- for Skype, google, zoom, twitch, microsoftTEAMS
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READERS
To read debit card chips, Smart cards, ID badge at work, Security job laptops
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+ MAGNETIC READERS
swipe read card black stripe
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Flash card - memory card readers
Reads all those old SIM cards & cameras
SD
miniSDm
microSD
OlympusXD
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SCANNERS
most scan 1 page at a time
**Some scanners have ADF (automatic document feeder)
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BAR CODE or QR scanners
With gun or lens*
(Those tiny square Rorshach tests for purchases)
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Store bought EXPANSION CARDS
Come with DVDs to install drivers & applications
(Make sure PC is off)
**expansion cards WORK with ANY O.S.**
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